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365 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
365 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
# 快速開始
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## 前言
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> [hyperf/database](https://github.com/hyperf/database) 衍生於 [illuminate/database](https://github.com/illuminate/database),我們對它進行了一些改造,大部分功能保持了相同。在這裏感謝一下 Laravel 開發組,實現瞭如此強大好用的 ORM 組件。
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[hyperf/database](https://github.com/hyperf/database) 組件是基於 [illuminate/database](https://github.com/illuminate/database) 衍生出來的組件,我們對它進行了一些改造,從設計上是允許用於其它 PHP-FPM 框架或基於 Swoole 的框架中的,而在 Hyperf 裏就需要提一下 [hyperf/db-connection](https://github.com/hyperf/db-connection) 組件,它基於 [hyperf/pool](https://github.com/hyperf/pool) 實現了數據庫連接池並對模型進行了新的抽象,以它作為橋樑,Hyperf 才能把數據庫組件及事件組件接入進來。
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## 安裝
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### Hyperf 框架
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```bash
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composer require hyperf/db-connection
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```
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### 其它框架
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```bash
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composer require hyperf/database
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```
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## 配置
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默認配置如下,數據庫支持多庫配置,默認為 `default`。
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| 配置項 | 類型 | 默認值 | 備註 |
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| :------------------: | :----: | :-------------: | :----------------: |
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| driver | string | 無 | 數據庫引擎 |
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| host | string | 無 | 數據庫地址 |
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| database | string | 無 | 數據庫默認 DB |
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| username | string | 無 | 數據庫用户名 |
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| password | string | null | 數據庫密碼 |
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| charset | string | utf8 | 數據庫編碼 |
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| collation | string | utf8_unicode_ci | 數據庫編碼 |
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| prefix | string | '' | 數據庫模型前綴 |
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| timezone | string | null | 數據庫時區 |
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| pool.min_connections | int | 1 | 連接池內最少連接數 |
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| pool.max_connections | int | 10 | 連接池內最大連接數 |
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| pool.connect_timeout | float | 10.0 | 連接等待超時時間 |
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| pool.wait_timeout | float | 3.0 | 超時時間 |
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| pool.heartbeat | int | -1 | 心跳 |
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| pool.max_idle_time | float | 60.0 | 最大閒置時間 |
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| options | array | | PDO 配置 |
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```php
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<?php
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return [
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'default' => [
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'driver' => env('DB_DRIVER', 'mysql'),
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'host' => env('DB_HOST', 'localhost'),
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'port' => env('DB_PORT', 3306),
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'database' => env('DB_DATABASE', 'hyperf'),
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'username' => env('DB_USERNAME', 'root'),
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'password' => env('DB_PASSWORD', ''),
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'charset' => env('DB_CHARSET', 'utf8'),
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'collation' => env('DB_COLLATION', 'utf8_unicode_ci'),
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'prefix' => env('DB_PREFIX', ''),
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'pool' => [
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'min_connections' => 1,
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'max_connections' => 10,
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'connect_timeout' => 10.0,
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'wait_timeout' => 3.0,
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'heartbeat' => -1,
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'max_idle_time' => (float)env('DB_MAX_IDLE_TIME', 60),
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]
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],
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];
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```
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有時候用户需要修改 PDO 默認配置,比如所有字段需要返回為 string。這時候就需要修改 PDO 配置項 `ATTR_STRINGIFY_FETCHES` 為 true。
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```php
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<?php
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return [
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'default' => [
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'driver' => env('DB_DRIVER', 'mysql'),
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'host' => env('DB_HOST', 'localhost'),
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'port' => env('DB_PORT', 3306),
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'database' => env('DB_DATABASE', 'hyperf'),
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'username' => env('DB_USERNAME', 'root'),
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'password' => env('DB_PASSWORD', ''),
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'charset' => env('DB_CHARSET', 'utf8'),
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'collation' => env('DB_COLLATION', 'utf8_unicode_ci'),
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'prefix' => env('DB_PREFIX', ''),
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'pool' => [
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'min_connections' => 1,
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'max_connections' => 10,
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'connect_timeout' => 10.0,
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'wait_timeout' => 3.0,
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'heartbeat' => -1,
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'max_idle_time' => (float) env('DB_MAX_IDLE_TIME', 60),
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],
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'options' => [
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// 框架默認配置
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PDO::ATTR_CASE => PDO::CASE_NATURAL,
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PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE => PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION,
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PDO::ATTR_ORACLE_NULLS => PDO::NULL_NATURAL,
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PDO::ATTR_STRINGIFY_FETCHES => false,
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// 如果使用的為非原生 MySQL 或雲廠商提供的 DB 如從庫/分析型實例等不支持 MySQL prepare 協議的, 將此項設置為 true
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PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES => false,
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],
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],
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];
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```
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### 讀寫分離
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有時候你希望 `SELECT` 語句使用一個數據庫連接,而 `INSERT`,`UPDATE`,和 `DELETE` 語句使用另一個數據庫連接。在 `Hyperf` 中,無論你是使用原生查詢,查詢構造器,或者是模型,都能輕鬆的實現
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為了弄明白讀寫分離是如何配置的,我們先來看個例子:
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```php
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<?php
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return [
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'default' => [
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'driver' => env('DB_DRIVER', 'mysql'),
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'read' => [
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'host' => ['192.168.1.1'],
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],
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'write' => [
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'host' => ['196.168.1.2'],
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],
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'sticky' => true,
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'database' => env('DB_DATABASE', 'hyperf'),
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'username' => env('DB_USERNAME', 'root'),
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'password' => env('DB_PASSWORD', ''),
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'charset' => env('DB_CHARSET', 'utf8'),
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'collation' => env('DB_COLLATION', 'utf8_unicode_ci'),
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'prefix' => env('DB_PREFIX', ''),
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'pool' => [
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'min_connections' => 1,
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'max_connections' => 10,
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'connect_timeout' => 10.0,
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'wait_timeout' => 3.0,
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'heartbeat' => -1,
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'max_idle_time' => (float) env('DB_MAX_IDLE_TIME', 60),
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],
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],
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];
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```
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注意在以上的例子中,配置數組中增加了三個鍵,分別是 `read`, `write` 和 `sticky`。 `read` 和 `write` 的鍵都包含一個鍵為 `host` 的數組。而 `read` 和 `write` 的其他數據庫都在鍵為 mysql 的數組中。
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如果你想重寫主數組中的配置,只需要修改 `read` 和 `write` 數組即可。所以,這個例子中: 192.168.1.1 將作為 「讀」 連接主機,而 192.168.1.2 將作為 「寫」 連接主機。這兩個連接會共享 mysql 數組的各項配置,如數據庫的憑據(用户名 / 密碼),前綴,字符編碼等。
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`sticky` 是一個 可選值,它可用於立即讀取在當前請求週期內已寫入數據庫的記錄。若 `sticky` 選項被啓用,並且當前請求週期內執行過 「寫」 操作,那麼任何 「讀」 操作都將使用 「寫」 連接。這樣可確保同一個請求週期內寫入的數據可以被立即讀取到,從而避免主從延遲導致數據不一致的問題。不過是否啓用它,取決於應用程序的需求。
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### 多庫配置
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多庫配置如下。
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```php
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<?php
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return [
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'default' => [
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'driver' => env('DB_DRIVER', 'mysql'),
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'host' => env('DB_HOST', 'localhost'),
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'database' => env('DB_DATABASE', 'hyperf'),
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'username' => env('DB_USERNAME', 'root'),
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'password' => env('DB_PASSWORD', ''),
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'charset' => env('DB_CHARSET', 'utf8'),
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'collation' => env('DB_COLLATION', 'utf8_unicode_ci'),
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'prefix' => env('DB_PREFIX', ''),
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'pool' => [
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'min_connections' => 1,
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'max_connections' => 10,
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'connect_timeout' => 10.0,
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'wait_timeout' => 3.0,
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'heartbeat' => -1,
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'max_idle_time' => (float) env('DB_MAX_IDLE_TIME', 60),
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],
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],
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'test'=>[
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'driver' => env('DB_DRIVER', 'mysql'),
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'host' => env('DB_HOST2', 'localhost'),
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'database' => env('DB_DATABASE', 'hyperf'),
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'username' => env('DB_USERNAME', 'root'),
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'password' => env('DB_PASSWORD', ''),
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'charset' => env('DB_CHARSET', 'utf8'),
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'collation' => env('DB_COLLATION', 'utf8_unicode_ci'),
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'prefix' => env('DB_PREFIX', ''),
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'pool' => [
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'min_connections' => 1,
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'max_connections' => 10,
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'connect_timeout' => 10.0,
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'wait_timeout' => 3.0,
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'heartbeat' => -1,
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'max_idle_time' => (float) env('DB_MAX_IDLE_TIME', 60),
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],
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],
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];
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```
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使用時,只需要規定 `connection` 為 `test`,就可以使用 `test` 中的配置,如下。
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```php
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<?php
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use Hyperf\DbConnection\Db;
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// default
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Db::select('SELECT * FROM user;');
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Db::connection('default')->select('SELECT * FROM user;');
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// test
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Db::connection('test')->select('SELECT * FROM user;');
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```
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模型中修改 `connection` 字段,即可使用對應配置,例如一下 `Model` 使用 `test` 配置。
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```php
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<?php
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declare(strict_types=1);
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/**
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* This file is part of Hyperf.
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*
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* @link https://www.hyperf.io
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* @document https://doc.hyperf.io
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* @contact group@hyperf.io
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* @license https://github.com/hyperf/hyperf/blob/master/LICENSE
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*/
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namespace App\Model;
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/**
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* @property int $id
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* @property string $mobile
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* @property string $realname
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*/
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class User extends Model
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{
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/**
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* The table associated with the model.
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*
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* @var string
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*/
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protected $table = 'user';
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/**
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* The connection name for the model.
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*
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* @var string
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*/
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protected $connection = 'test';
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/**
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* The attributes that are mass assignable.
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*
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* @var array
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*/
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protected $fillable = ['id', 'mobile', 'realname'];
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/**
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* The attributes that should be cast to native types.
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*
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* @var array
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*/
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protected $casts = ['id' => 'integer'];
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}
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```
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## 執行原生 SQL 語句
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配置好數據庫後,便可以使用 `Hyperf\DbConnection\Db` 進行查詢。
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### Query 查詢類
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這裏主要包括 `Select`、屬性為 `READS SQL DATA` 的存儲過程、函數等查詢語句。
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`select` 方法將始終返回一個數組,數組中的每個結果都是一個 `StdClass` 對象
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```php
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<?php
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use Hyperf\DbConnection\Db;
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$users = Db::select('SELECT * FROM `user` WHERE gender = ?',[1]); // 返回array
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foreach($users as $user){
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echo $user->name;
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}
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```
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### Execute 執行類
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這裏主要包括 `Insert`、`Update`、`Delete`,屬性為 `MODIFIES SQL DATA` 的存儲過程等執行語句。
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```php
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<?php
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use Hyperf\DbConnection\Db;
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$inserted = Db::insert('INSERT INTO user (id, name) VALUES (?, ?)', [1, 'Hyperf']); // 返回是否成功 bool
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$affected = Db::update('UPDATE user set name = ? WHERE id = ?', ['John', 1]); // 返回受影響的行數 int
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$affected = Db::delete('DELETE FROM user WHERE id = ?', [1]); // 返回受影響的行數 int
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$result = Db::statement("CALL pro_test(?, '?')", [1, 'your words']); // 返回 bool CALL pro_test(?,?) 為存儲過程,屬性為 MODIFIES SQL DATA
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```
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### 自動管理數據庫事務
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你可以使用 `Db` 的 `transaction` 方法在數據庫事務中運行一組操作。如果事務的閉包 `Closure` 中出現一個異常,事務將會回滾。如果事務閉包 `Closure` 執行成功,事務將自動提交。一旦你使用了 `transaction` , 就不再需要擔心手動回滾或提交的問題:
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```php
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<?php
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use Hyperf\DbConnection\Db;
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Db::transaction(function () {
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Db::table('user')->update(['votes' => 1]);
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Db::table('posts')->delete();
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});
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```
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### 手動管理數據庫事務
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如果你想要手動開始一個事務,並且對回滾和提交能夠完全控制,那麼你可以使用 `Db` 的 `beginTransaction`, `commit`, `rollBack`:
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```php
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use Hyperf\DbConnection\Db;
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Db::beginTransaction();
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try{
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// Do something...
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Db::commit();
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} catch(\Throwable $ex){
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Db::rollBack();
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}
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```
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## 輸出剛剛執行的 SQL
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> 當前方法僅能用於開發環境,線上部署前一定要去掉,不然會引起嚴重的內存泄露和數據混淆。
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線上記錄 `SQL`,請使用 [事件監聽](/zh-hk/db/event)
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```php
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<?php
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use Hyperf\DbConnection\Db;
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use Hyperf\Collection\Arr;
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use App\Model\Book;
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// 啓用 SQL 數據記錄功能
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Db::enableQueryLog();
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$book = Book::query()->find(1);
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// 打印最後一條 SQL 相關數據
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var_dump(Arr::last(Db::getQueryLog()));
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```
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