## 6. Proxy As the user access layer of Milvus, Proxy mainly plays a role that does some checks and preprocessing for requests from clients and then forwards these requests to other components, such as Root Coordinator, Data Coordinator, Query Coordinator, Index Coordinator. The below figure shows how Proxy interacts with other components.

Proxy divides requests from clients into three classes: `DdRequest`, `DmRequest`, `DqRequest`. DdRequest is the shorthand of `Data Definition Request`. It means an operation on the meta information of collections, including two parts. One part is of the writing operations on collections, such as defining a schema, creating or dropping a partition, creating or dropping the index and etc. Another part is of the reading operations on collections, such as listing all collections or partitions, checking if a collection or a partition exists. DmRequest means `Data Manipulation Request`. These requests perform a writing operation on collections, including inserting records into a collection, deleting some specific records of a collection. DqRequest means `Data Query Request`. These requests perform a reading operation on collections, such as searching on a collection, querying for specific records of a collection and etc. For every request, Proxy will first check if it's valid to be executed by Milvus and if the request is invalid then Proxy will return the error to clients and won't continue to forward this request to other components. The check operation of Proxy includes two parts, one part is static check and another is dynamic check. Static check includes parameters check, constraints check and etc. Dynamic check will check some related dependencies of the request, take search requests for example, Proxy should check if the related collection exists in Milvus. Also, Proxy will do some preprocessing for every request. Proxy will do little things for some requests in the preprocessing stage and a lot more for other requests. Every object in Milvus will be assigned with a `ID`, such as `CollectionID`, `PartitionID`, `IndexID`, `SegmentID`, etc. Components in Milvus communicate with each other by the object IDs, however, users only know the object name. So as a user access layer of Milvus, Proxy should translate the object name into object ID. Also taking search request as example, Proxy should translate the `CollectionName` into `CollectionID` and then the Query Node will recognize the request. Proxy holds a cache that translate object name into object id and dynamically updates the cache. #### 6.0 Service Discovery based on etcd As you know, Proxy depends on some other components. So how Proxy knows the other nodes' information such as host and port, it is also called how Milvus implements the service discovery mechanism? As a cloud-native vector database, Milvus uses etcd to provide service registration and service discovery. Every node in Milvus registers its node information(including host, port, ID etc) into etcd after startup. Nodes should specify the prefix and key of etcd when registration. Nodes with the same type have the same prefix in etcd, while nodes with different types have different prefixes. Every key in etcd can be assigned with a lease, and you can specify the `time-to-live(ttl)` of the lease. Milvus uses this mechanism to check if a node is online. When a node is healthy, it will continuously renew the lease in etcd. Otherwise, if some exceptions occurred in a node, or a node stopped to renew the lease, etcd would delete the related node information. By using this mechanism, nodes in Milvus know if there are any other nodes going to be online or offline and synchronize the latest node information. #### 6.1 Interaction with Root Coordinator Proxy will forward the DdRequest to Root Coordinator. These requests include: - CreateCollection - DropCollection - HasCollection - DescribeCollection - ShowCollections - CreatePartition - DropPartition - HasPartition - ShowPartitions - CreateIndex - DropIndex - DescribeIndex - GetIndexBuildProgress - GetIndexState Proxy handles the DdRequest sequentially. When and only when the earlier entered requests are done, the next request would be handled. Proxy forwards these requests to Root Coordinator, waits until getting results from Root Coordinator, and then returns to clients with results or errors. Milvus does not support transaction, but it should guarantee the deterministic execution of every operation. A timestamp is tagged on each request. When a request enters Milvus, Proxy tags a timestamp that was assigned by Root Coordinator. The component that assigns timestamp in Root Coordinator is called `Timestamp Oracle (TSO)`. TSO ensures that each timestamp is globally increasing. Milvus 2.0 implements the unified Lambda architecture, which integrates the processing of the incremental and historical data. Compared with the Kappa architecture, Milvus 2.0 introduces log backfill, which stores log snapshots and indexes in the object storage to improve failure recovery efficiency and query performance. To break unbounded (stream) data down into bounded windows, Milvus embraces a new watermark mechanism, which slices the stream data into multiple message packs according to write time or event time, and maintains a timeline for users to query by time. To support this watermark mechanism, Proxy should report the timestamp statistics of physical channel to Root Coordinator periodically. When Proxy knows all operations of a specific were done before a `ts`, then Proxy will report the `ts` and inform Root Coordinator that updates the timestamp statistics. Proxy holds a cache about meta information of collections. The meta information includes `CollectionID`, `Schema`, `PartitionID`, etc. Components in Milvus communicate with each other using `CollectionID` and `PartitionID`, so the object name in request will be translated to object ID in Proxy. When the meta is not hit in cache, Proxy will update the cache from Root Coordinator. At the same time, in order to keep the consistency of cache, when there are any changes of meta information in Root Coordinator, it will inform all Proxies to clear the related meta cache, and any newer requests will get the latest meta information. For inserts to a collection which is auto_id configured in the collection schema, Proxy assigns a primary key for every row of insert request. For now the only supported data type of auto-generated primary field is `int64`. Proxy applies for a batch of primary keys from Root Coordinator, and caches them for local assignments. When the primary keys in cache is not enough, Proxy will continue to apply for another batch of primary keys. Proxy forwards ReleaseCollection and ReleasePartition to Query Coordinator, Query Coordinator then informs Root Coordinator the events. After that, Root Coordinator will inform all Proxies to close the search-related and search-result-related message streams. #### 6.2 Interaction with MsgStream In Milvus 2.0, the log broker serves as the system 'backbone': All data insert and update operations must go through the log broker, and worker nodes execute CRUD operations by subscribing to and consuming logs. This design reduces system complexity by moving core functions such as data persistence and flashback down to the storage layer, and log pub-sub make the system even more flexible and better positioned for future scaling. So, we should configure a group of Virtual Channels for every collection. Now every virtual channel has a unique related physical channel. Take pulsar as example, the physical channel mentioned here means the topic of pulsar. For DmRequest, data will be written to DmChannels, while for DqRequest, requests will be written to DqRequestChannel, and the corresponding results of query requests will be written to DqResultChannel. As the number of tables increases, the number of DmChannels increases on demand, and the number of physical channels also increases on demand. In the future, the number of physical channels in the system can also be limited to a fixed number, such as 1024. In this case, the same physical channel will be mapped to virtual channels of different collections. Shown as the figure below. ![collection_dm_channels](./graphs/collection_dm_channels.png) When a collection is created, Root Coordinator need to decide the number of its DmChannels and the physical channels mapped by each virtual channel, and persist these kinds of information as the meta information of the collection; In addition, when the system finds that the collection receives DmRequest frequently, we can allocate more virtual channels to the collection to increase the parallelism and thus increase the system throughput. This function is a key point of future work. For DqRequest, request and result data are written to the stream. The request data will be written to DqRequestChannel, and the result data will be written to DqResultChannel. The proxy will write the request of the collection into the DqRequestChannel, and the DqReqeustChannel will be jointly subscribed by a group of query nodes. When all query nodes receive the DqRequest, they will write the query results into the DqResultChannel corresponding to the collection. As the consumer of the DqResultChannel, the proxy is responsible for collecting the query results and aggregating them, The result is then returned to the client. The allocation logic of DqRequestChannel and DqResultChannel of a collection is allocated by the Query Coordinator. The proxy needs to ask the Query Coordinator for the names of DqRequestChannel and DqResultChannel of a collection. DqRequestChannel and DqResultChannel do not need to be persisted and can be freely allocated by Query Coordinator. In the actual implementation, the DqRequestChannel of each collection can be exclusive, and the DqResultChannel can be exclusive or shared by all collections on the proxy. When the proxy applies for the DqRequestChannel and DqResultChannel information of the collection from the Query Coordinator, it can attach the proxy's own ID: ProxyID. With DqRequestChannel of the collection, the proxy will create a msgstream object to generate data into DqRequestChannel. With the DqResultChannel of the collection, the proxy will create a msgstream object, and Proxy will consume the data in the DqResultChannel. When these msgstream objects are closed, messages cannot be written to or consumed from them. ![proxy_channels](./graphs/proxy_channels.png) #### 6.3 Interaction with Data Coordinator In Milvus, segment is the basic read-write and search unit of data. After consuming the data in DmChannel, the data nodes will store the data in the object storage in the unit of segment (in the actual implementation, the segment will be divided into multiple small files for writing). In Milvus, segment is uniquely identified by segment ID, and the allocation logic of segment ID is the responsibility of the Data Coordinator. The SegmentID to which each row of data is written needs to be determined before writing to DmChannel. For a write operation, the proxy will hash each row of data again according to the hash value of its primary key, and then determine into which DmChannel each row of data enters. After collecting the number of pieces to be written by each DmChannel, apply to the data coordinator for which SegmentIDs the newly written data of these dmchannels belong. In the specific implementation, the proxy need to preallocate some quotas to the Data Coordinator to avoid frequent direct GRPC communication with the Data Coordinator. One consideration for uniformly assigning SegmentIDs by Data Coordinator is that Data Coordinator is responsible for coordinating the total number of each segment not to be too large, and the location is near a water level, so that the size of the segment is limited to a certain range. Other interactions between Proxy and Data Coordinator are mainly reflected in the proxy querying Data Coordinator for the status and statistical information of the segment of the collection. LoadCollection is an example. The synchronization semantics of the current LoadCollection needs to know the number of rows currently persisted, so the Proxy needs to ask the Data Coordinator for the total number of rows currently persisted. #### 6.4 Interaction with Query Coordinator For LoadCollection, LoadPartition, ReleaseCollection, ReleasePartition requests, the Proxy directly forwards these requests to Query Coordinator for execution after checking and preprocessing these requests. When the Proxy receives feedback from Query Coordinator, it returns the feedback results to the clients. The semantics of the Load operation is to load Collection or Partition from persistent storage into the memory of Query Nodes, or import streaming data into QueryNode so that it can be queried. If the load operation is not performed, the query operation on the Collection or Partition cannot be performed. For the Load operation, Query Coordinator is responsible for allocating DmChannels to different queryNodes and subscribing to them, and is responsible for receiving those stream data. QueryCoordinator also allocates and loads the segments that have been persisted in storage in Query Nodes. The semantics of the Release operation is the reverse operation of the Load operation, and the function is to unload the data of the Collection or Partition from the memory. For Release operations, Query Coordinator is responsible for notifying query nodes to unload the corresponding Collection or Partition in memory, and then sending the ReleaseDqlMessageStream command to Root Coordinator, and Root Coordinator is responsible for broadcasting the ReleaseDqlMessageStream command to all Proxies, so that all related stream used to send search request and receive search result in Proxy will be closed. The other interaction between Proxy and Query Coordinator is that Proxy needs to query from Query Coordinator for statistics about Collection, Partition, and Segment. Taking ShowCollections as an example, if the ShowCollections parameter specifies that the query is for Collections that have been loaded into memory, the ShowCollection request will be forwarded to QueryCoordinator, and QueryCoordinator will return a list of all the recorded Collections loaded into memory. Taking LoadCollection as another example, its synchronization semantics is that the number of rows loaded in the memory must be no less than the number of rows that have been persisted. This requires the Proxy to ask the Query Coordinator for the sum of the number of rows currently loaded into the query nodes in the Collection. #### 6.5 Decouple Functionality and Communication ![decouple](./graphs/decouple.jpeg) As shown in the figure above, there are interactions between various types of components in the Milvus2.0 system. The implementation of these interactions will vary according to the deployment of Milvus. Milvus Standalone allows the various components of Milvus as a whole independent process to be deployed on a single node. Milvus Cluster distributes all components on multiple nodes. In Milvus Standalone, the interaction between components can be parameter transfer between functions or communication between Grpc. The log system can be either Pulsar or RocksDb. In Milvus Cluster, the communication between components is mostly undertaken by grpc, and the message flow is mostly by Pulsar. Therefore, in the original design, Milvus 2.0 decoupled the core function of the component and the communication between components. Taking Proxy as an example, the core function of the Proxy component is determined and has nothing to do with the deployment form. In the project's internal/proxy directory, it contains the functions of the core components of Proxy; and internal/distributed/proxy contains the core functions of Proxy in the deployment of cluster distributed which contains the re-encapsulation and communication implementation of Proxy. The following article will mainly introduce the functions of the Proxy core layer. #### 6.6 Core Components of Proxy Proxy is mainly composed of four modules: taskScheduler, channelsMgr, channelsTimeTicker, globalMetaCache. taskScheduler is responsible for task scheduling; channelsMgr is responsible for the management of DmChannels, DqRequestChannel, DqResultChannel and corresponding MsgStream objects of each Collection; channelsTimeTicker is responsible for collecting the timestamp information of all physical Channels regularly; globalMetaCache is responsible for caching the metadata of Collection and Partition. ##### 6.6.1 taskScheduler There are three main functions in taskScheduler: - Schedule task - Maintain the snapshot of timestamp statistics - Receive the search results from stream and then distribute them to related task taskScheduler maintains three queues: ddQueue, dmQueue and dqQueue correspond to DdRequest, DmRequest, and DqRequest respectively. The interface of taskQueue is defined as follows: ```go type taskQueue interface { utChan() <-chan int utEmpty() bool utFull() bool addUnissuedTask(t task) error FrontUnissuedTask() task PopUnissuedTask() task AddActiveTask(t task) PopActiveTask(tID UniqueID) task getTaskByReqID(reqID UniqueID) task TaskDoneTest(ts Timestamp) bool Enqueue(t task) error setMaxTaskNum(num int64) getMaxTaskNum() int64 } ``` Proxy encapsulates each request with a corresponding task object. Each task object implements the task interface. The definition of the task interface is as follows: ```go type task interface { TraceCtx() context.Context ID() UniqueID // return ReqID SetID(uid UniqueID) // set ReqID Name() string Type() commonpb.MsgType BeginTs() Timestamp EndTs() Timestamp SetTs(ts Timestamp) OnEnqueue() error PreExecute(ctx context.Context) error Execute(ctx context.Context) error PostExecute(ctx context.Context) error WaitToFinish() error Notify(err error) } ``` Each specific task object must implement the interface defined by the task. The key members of taskQueue are unissuedTasks of type List and activateTasks of type map. Among them, unissuedTasks contain all tasks that have not been scheduled, and activateTasks contain all tasks that are being scheduled. When the external caller of taskScheduler stuffs the task into the corresponding taskQueue, it will call the OnEnqueue interface of the task. When OnEnqueue is called, the SetID of the task will be called to assign the taskID to the task. The taskID is globally unique and is used to identify the task. OnEnqueue will also call task.SetTs to set the timestamp for the task. It can be seen that the timestamp of entering the queue must be greater than the timestamp that already exists in the queue, and it will also be greater than the timestamp of the task that exists in activateTask. At the end of the task's OnEnqueue, call the taskQueue's addUnissuedTask to add the task to the unissuedTasks. When OnEnqueue is executed, the external caller of taskScheduler calls WaitToFinish of the task to synchronously block and wait for the execution of task to be done. When taskScheduler's background scheduling coroutine decides to schedule a task, it will call the taskQueue's PopUnissuedTask to remove a task from unissuedTasks, and then call the taskQueue's AddActivateTask to put the task in the activateTasks Map. Then perform operations on the task. In the execution process of the task, its PreExecute, Execute, and PostExecute interfaces will be called in sequence. If an exception occurs in a certain step, the error will be returned in advance and the subsequent steps will be skipped. Whether it is a successful execution or an error, the Notify method will be called, this method will wake up the coroutine that is blocking and waiting for the Task. When the task is executed, the PopActivateTask of the taskQueue is called to take the task out of activateTasks. The following figure is a schematic diagram of taskScheduler's scheduling of DdQueue. For the task of taskScheduler in DdQueue, it must be scheduled serially, the task that enters the queue first is executed, and at most only one task is executing. After the task at the head of the queue is executed, other tasks in the queue can be scheduled. ![task_scheduler_1](./graphs/task_scheduler_1.png) The following figure is a schematic diagram of taskScheduler's scheduling of DmQueue. The tasks in DmQueue can be scheduled in parallel. In a scheduling process, taskScheduler will execute several tasks from each task concurrently. ![task_scheduler_2](./graphs/task_scheduler_2.png) The following figure is a schematic diagram of taskScheduler's scheduling of DqQueue. ![task_scheduler_1](./graphs/task_scheduler_2.png) The tasks in DqQueue can be scheduled in parallel. In a scheduling process, taskScheduler will execute several tasks concurrently. In order to facilitate the channelsTimeTicker component to obtain the synchronization point information corresponding to all DmChannels, the taskScheduler needs to maintain a copy of the time statistics of the physical channels of all currently unexecuted and executing tasks in the DmQueue. The member pChanSatisticsInfos is a map containing the mapping from pChan to pChanStatInfo pointers. Among them, pChan is an alias of string, and pChanStatInfo is a custom structure, defined as follows: ```go type Timestamp = uint64 type pChan = string type pChanStatInfo struct { maxTs Timestamp minTs Timestamp tsSet map[Timestamp] struct{} } ``` pChan represents the name of the physical channel corresponding to the DmChannel. The pChanStatInfo structure contains 3 members minTs, maxTs and tsSet. minTs and maxTs respectively represent the minimum and maximum timestamps of all tasks related to the pChan in the current DmQueue. tsSet represents the set of timestamps of all tasks in DmQueue. When the task enters the DmQueue, it will call the addPChanStats method of the queue, add the task's own timestamp to the collection of pChanStatInfo's tsSet, and use the task's own maxTs to recalculate the pChanStatInfo's maxTs. The calculation method is if its own maxTs is greater than pChanStatInfo MaxTs in pChanStatInfo, then update maxTs in pChanStatInfo. Since the newly added timestamp is definitely greater than the existing timestamp, there is no need to update minTs. When the PopActivateTask interface of the Queue is called to take the task out of the DmTaskQueue, the popPChanStats interface of the Queue is called to delete the task timestamp from the timestamp set tsSet of pChanStatInfo, and recalculate the minimum timestamp minTs. DmQueue maintains the timestamp statistics of pChans and provides the method getPChanStatsInfo to the caller. pChanStatistics is defined as follows: ```go type pChanStatistics struct { minTs Timestamp maxTs Timestamp } func (queue *DmTaskQueue) getPChanStatsInfo() (map[pChan]*pChanStatistics, error) ``` The return value of this method includes a pChan to pChanStatistics pointer mapping. pChanStatistics includes two members minTs and maxTs, which respectively represent the minimum and maximum timestamps of all tasks that have not been completed on pChan. The channelsTimeTicker collects timestamp information mainly depends on this method. The awakened coroutine reduces the timestamp result and sends the final timestamp result back to the RootCoord. taskScheduler is also responsible for collecting the results of search requests. For each search request, when the proxy writes the request to the DqRequestChannel, it will attach the ReqID, and the query nodes will also bring the ReqID back when writing the search result back to the DqResultChannel. taskScheduler will start a background coroutine to consume search result from DqResultChannel, and then distribute messages according to the ReqID in it. When several results of the same ReqID are collected and the termination condition is reached, these results will be passed to the blocking task coroutine which is waiting. The waken task will reduce the search results and then send the final search result to clients. ##### 6.6.2 channelsMgr channelsMgr is responsible for the management of DmChannels, DqRequestChannel, DqResultChannel and corresponding MsgStream objects of each Collection. The interface is defined as follows: ```go type channelsMgr interface { getChannels(collectionID UniqueID) ([]pChan, error) getVChannels(collectionID UniqueID) ([]vChan, error) createDQLStream(collectionID UniqueID) error getDQLStream(collectionID UniqueID) (msgstream.MsgStream, error) removeDQLStream(collectionID UniqueID) error removeAllDQLStream() error createDMLMsgStream(collectionID UniqueID) error getDMLStream(collectionID UniqueID) (msgstream.MsgStream, error) removeDMLStream(collectionID UniqueID) error removeAllDMLStream() error } ``` - getChannels 和 getVChannels getVChannels returns a list that represents all virtual DmChannels of collection, getChannels returns a list that represents all physical DmChannels of collection. The two lists correspond one-to-one according to position. - createDMLStream 和 getDMLStream createDMLStream creates the dml message stream of collection; getDMLStream returns the dml message stream of collection; Proxy uses these dml message stream to write dml data, such as insert request. - createDQLStream 和 getDQLStream createDQLStream creates the dql message stream of collection; getDQLStream returns the dql message stream of collection; Proxy uses these dql message stream to send search requests. The Remove related operation is to delete the corresponding message stream object, but the stream is not immediately closed because maybe there are some data needs to be written into stream currently. ##### 6.6.3 channelsTimeTicker channelsTimeTicker is responsible for regularly collecting the synchronization timestamp information of all physical channels. ```go type channelsTimeTicker interface { start() error close() error addPChan(pchan pChan) error removePChan(pchan pChan) error getLastTick(pchan pChan) (Timestamp, error) getMinTsStatistics() (map[pChan]Timestamp, error) } ``` - addPChan 和 removePChan addPChan adds a physical channel to channelsTimeTicker, channelsTimeTicker only sends the information of existing pChans to Root Coordinator; - getMinTsStatistics getMinTsStatistics returns the timestamp statistics of physical channels, there is a background coroutine in Proxy that call getMinTsStatistics periodically and then send the timestamp statistics to Root Coordinator; - getLastTick getLastTick returns the minimum timestamp which has already been synchronized of physical channel; channelsTimeTicker will maintain the map minTsStatistics that can be synchronized and the map currents that will be synchronized. They are all mappings from pChan to Timestamp. The channelsTimeTicker itself has a background coroutine, which periodically calls getPChanStatsInfo of DmQueue to obtain the minimum and maximum timestamp information pChanStats of all unfinished tasks. channelsTimeTicker will also request a timestamp from Root Coordinator as now. channelsTimeTicker updates minTsStatistics and currents according to the relationship between now, minTsStatistics, currents, and pChanStats. The specific algorithm is as follows: ```go now = get a timestamp from RootCoordinator For each pChan in currents, do current = currents[pChan] if pChan not exists in pChanStats, then minTsStatistics[pChan] = current currents[pChan] = now else： minTs = pChanStats[pChan].minTs maxTs = pChanStats[pChan].maxTs if minTs > current，then minTsStatistics[pChan] = min(minTs, now) next:= min(now + sendTimeTickMsgInterval, maxTs) currents[pChan] = next ``` ##### 6.6.4 globalMetaCache globalMetaCache is responsible for caching the meta-information of Collection and Partition. These meta-information include CollectionID, PartitionID, CollectionSchema, etc. The interface of Cache is defined as follows: ```go type Cache interface { GetCollectionID(ctx context.Context, collectionName string) (typeutil.UniqueID, error) GetPartitionID(ctx context.Context, collectionName string, partitionName string) (typeutil.UniqueID, error) GetPartitions(ctx context.Context, collectionName string) (map[string]typeutil.UniqueID, error) GetCollectionSchema(ctx context.Context, collectionName string) (*schemapb.CollectionSchema, error) RemoveCollection(ctx context.Context, collectionName string) RemovePartition(ctx context.Context, collectionName string, partitionName string) } ``` - getCollectionID GetCollectionID returns the collection ID of collection; - GetPartitions GetPartitions returns a mapping which maps all partition names to partition IDs of collection; - GetPartition GetPartition returns the partition ID of specific partition and collection; - GetCollectionSchema GetCollectionSchema returns the schema of collection; - RemoveCollection RemoveCollection removes the meta information of collection; - RemovePartition RemovePartition removes the meta information of partition;